发表评论 / Beginner's Guide（入门专栏） / 作者：

The Enigmatic Way: Unraveling the Meaning of ‘Dao’ in Taoism

Taoism, a rich and multifaceted tradition of philosophy and religion originating in ancient China, centers on the profound and often elusive concept of the ‘Dao’ (sometimes romanized as ‘Tao’). This notion serves as the very cornerstone of Taoist thought, representing not merely a path or a way, but the fundamental principle that underlies and governs all aspects of existence.1 Understanding the Dao is crucial to grasping the essence of Taoism, yet its nature is such that it often defies simple definitions and has been the subject of extensive contemplation and diverse interpretations throughout history.1 This report aims to delve into the depths of this central concept, exploring its foundational meanings, its role in the cosmos, its implications for human life, its key characteristics, the metaphors used to elucidate it, its relationship with other core Taoist ideas, and its distinction from similar concepts in other Chinese philosophical systems.

The Foundational Meaning of Dao

At its most basic, the Chinese word 道 (dào) translates to ‘way’, ‘path’, or ‘road’.1 However, its significance extends far beyond these literal translations, encompassing broader connotations such as ‘method’, ‘principle’, ‘doctrine’, ‘course’, and even ‘speech’.1 Within the context of Taoism, the Dao transcends these everyday meanings to embody something far more profound and fundamental – the very essence of reality itself.2 A key aspect of the Dao is its ineffable nature, a quality emphasized in foundational texts like the Dao De Jing (also known as Tao Te Ching). This suggests that the Dao, in its ultimate form, cannot be fully grasped or articulated through the limitations of human language.2 As the ancient philosopher Laozi explains, the Dao is not merely a name for a thing but rather the underlying natural order of the universe, a principle that is non-conceptual yet evident in the very aliveness of being.5 The Dao De Jing further underscores this by describing the Dao as being beyond description or precise definition, with the term ‘dao’ itself being employed only as a necessary means to refer to it.8 The versatility of the word ‘Dao’ in Chinese, with its multiple literal translations, hints at the richness of its philosophical meaning, which builds upon these basic senses of a ‘way’ or ‘path’ in both physical and metaphorical contexts.5 Furthermore, from its early stages, a distinction arose between the Confucian understanding of ‘Dao’ as an ethical way of living and the Daoist perception of it as the Way of Nature, revealing a fundamental divergence in their core philosophical orientations.7

The Dao as the Source and Order of the Universe

Taoism posits the Dao as the metaphysical source of all existence, often referred to as the ‘mother of the universe’.2 This concept is elaborated through the idea of the ‘Cosmic Dao’, which is understood as the fundamental Way of the cosmos, a principle that manifests itself throughout the natural world.6 The Daodejing itself declares the Cosmic Dao to be the very ‘source’ from which the universe originates 6, while other texts describe it as an indeterminate force or principle that latently contains all things and spontaneously generates the universe through its constant rhythmic fluctuations.14 The Dao is also seen as the underlying natural order that maintains the balance and harmony of the universe, often likened to the very ‘flow of the universe’.5 This cosmic principle is intricately linked to the generation of ‘the ten thousand things’ – a metaphor for the entirety of the world – and the complementary and interdependent principles of Yin and Yang, which represent the fundamental duality inherent in the universe.6 The Cosmic Dao incessantly generates these myriad phenomena through its fluctuations, giving rise to the dynamic interplay of Yin and Yang.6 It is generally understood that the Dao is immanent, meaning it is always present and continuously emerging within the universe, rather than being a transcendent creator god in the traditional Western sense, separate from the physical world.6 The description of the Dao as ‘eternally nameless’ and distinct from its countless manifestations highlights a crucial aspect of Taoist cosmology: the separation between the unmanifest source and the manifest reality we perceive.5 Furthermore, the frequent comparison of the Dao to water – undifferentiated, endlessly self-replenishing, soft yet immensely powerful, and impassively generous – provides a tangible analogy for comprehending its seemingly paradoxical attributes.5 The Dao is also closely related to ‘Qi’ (vital energy), the essential energy of action and existence, suggesting that the Dao is the fundamental principle from which this vital force arises.5

Living in Harmony with the Dao

Understanding the Dao as the Way of Nature carries significant ethical and practical implications for Taoists.7 A central concept in this regard is ‘Wu Wei’ (無為), often translated as ‘non-action’ or ‘effortless action’, which represents a key principle for aligning oneself with the natural flow of the Dao.7 Wu Wei does not imply complete inactivity but rather a mode of being and acting that is in perfect harmony with the natural rhythms of life, doing nothing that conflicts with the Dao.10 This involves cultivating a sense of naturalness (‘Ziran’ 自然) and simplicity in one’s life, rejecting artificiality and excessive desires that can lead to conflict and suffering.7 Daoists strive to avoid excessive assertiveness, violence, and the relentless pursuit of worldly goals, recognizing that such behaviors often run counter to the Way of Nature.7 Therefore, Wu Wei is not about giving up on life but rather about engaging with it in a way that is aligned with the Dao, leading to effortless and effective results.10 The Daoist ideal extends to fostering communities that are small, self-sufficient, and live in harmony with the natural world, reflecting a broader social and ethical vision rooted in the principles of the Dao.10

Key Characteristics and Attributes of the Dao

The Dao possesses several key characteristics that define its unique nature within Taoist philosophy. It is fundamentally formless, nameless, invisible, inaudible, and imperceptible, existing beyond the grasp of the senses.1 The Dao is also eternal and everlasting, having existed before the very creation of heaven and earth.5 While it serves as the root and source of all things in the universe, the Dao itself is not any particular thing; rather, it is the underlying principle that gives rise to all phenomena.5 It is undifferentiated, encompassing all aspects of existence without being limited by them.5 Given its ineffable nature, direct experience and intuition are often considered more reliable pathways to understanding the Dao than intellectual analysis or linguistic descriptions.5 A recurring and potent analogy used to describe the Dao is that of water – soft yet immensely powerful, endlessly self-replenishing, and passively generous, embodying many of its key characteristics.5

Metaphors and Analogies for the Dao

Due to the inherent difficulty in defining the Dao directly, Taoism frequently employs metaphors and analogies to evoke a deeper understanding of its nature. One prominent metaphor is the uncarved block (‘Pu’ 樸), which symbolizes original simplicity, purity, and the inherent potential within all things before they are shaped by societal influences.7 Another analogy is that of the wheel, with its still center (hub) and moving periphery (spokes). The hub represents the stillness and unchanging nature of the Dao, while the moving spokes symbolize the constant flux and transformation of the universe that emanates from it.52 The image of the valley is also used to represent the Dao’s openness, receptivity, and all-encompassing embrace, akin to the feminine energies of acceptance and surrender.45 Some have also proposed the metaphor of air, highlighting its ever-present, unbounded, and essential nature, though perhaps less immediately graspable than water.50 Ultimately, the overarching metaphor of the ‘way’ or ‘path’ itself serves as a constant reminder of both the Dao’s fundamental nature and the manner in which individuals should strive to live in accordance with it.53 The reliance on these figurative representations underscores the challenges of directly defining the Dao, suggesting that these analogies are intended to inspire intuitive understanding rather than provide precise intellectual definitions.53

The Dao and Other Core Taoist Concepts

The Dao is intricately connected to other fundamental concepts within Taoism. ‘De’ (德), often translated as virtue, inherent power, or the manifestation of the Dao in the world, represents the active expression of the Dao’s principles.5 De can be understood as the inherent spiritual nature of every person, creature, and thing, representing how the Dao manifests in the realm of being.8 The Dao is also closely linked to ‘Qi’ (氣), the vital energy or life force that permeates the universe and all living beings.1 Qi is considered the essential energy of action and existence, and the Dao can be seen as the fundamental principle from which this vital force originates.5 The relationship between Dao and De can be conceptualized as the Dao being the underlying, ineffable principle, while De is its tangible expression or manifestation in the phenomenal world, particularly within individual beings.8 Similarly, the connection between Dao and Qi underscores the Taoist view of the universe as fundamentally energetic, with the Dao serving as the source and guiding force behind this pervasive energy.5

Dao in Taoism vs. Confucianism

While both Taoism and Confucianism are foundational pillars of Chinese thought, their understanding of ‘Dao’ differs significantly. In Taoism, the Dao is primarily understood as the Way of Nature, encompassing the entire cosmos and its underlying principles.2 Conversely, Confucianism primarily views the Dao as the ethical Way of human conduct and the proper order of society.2 Taoism often critiques the Confucian emphasis on strict rules, rituals, and social hierarchies, considering them artificial constructs that deviate from the natural way of the Dao.7 While both traditions utilize the term ‘Dao’, their distinct interpretations lead to vastly different philosophical orientations and practical approaches to life.7 Despite these fundamental differences, Taoism and Confucianism have co-existed and profoundly influenced Chinese culture for millennia, often viewed as complementary aspects of Chinese thought and societal life.10

FeatureTaoismConfucianism
DefinitionWay of Nature, cosmic order, source of allEthical way of human conduct, social order
EmphasisHarmony with nature, spontaneity, Wu WeiSocial harmony, rituals, moral cultivation
Human RoleTo align with nature’s flowTo fulfill social duties and cultivate virtue
Critique of OtherCriticizes Confucian artificialityCriticizes Taoist withdrawal from society

Conclusion

In conclusion, the ‘Dao’ in Taoism represents a concept of profound depth and multifaceted significance. It is the ultimate, ineffable source and underlying order of the cosmos, a principle that guides the natural unfolding of all things. Understanding the Dao involves recognizing its key attributes – its formlessness, eternality, and all-encompassing nature – and striving to live in harmony with its principles through practices like Wu Wei, Ziran, and simplicity. While the Dao remains a challenging concept to define definitively, the rich tapestry of metaphors and analogies within Taoist tradition offers pathways to intuitive understanding. Furthermore, the distinction between the Taoist and Confucian interpretations of ‘Dao’ highlights the unique contribution of Taoism to Chinese philosophy. Ultimately, the Dao serves as an enduring source of wisdom, inviting individuals to seek balance, naturalness, and a deep connection with the world around them.

引用的著作

  1. Taoism – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism
  2. Daoism – Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Daoism/353835
  3. Daoism – Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Daoism/277266
  4. afe.easia.columbia.edu, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000bce_daoism.htm#:~:text=The%20Chinese%20word%20dao%20means%20a%20way%20or%20a%20path.
  5. Tao – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao
  6. Dao | Chinese Philosophy & Religion – Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/dao
  7. Introduction to Daoism – Asia for Educators | Columbia University, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000bce_daoism.htm
  8. Religious Daoism – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/daoism-religion/
  9. dao summary | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/summary/dao
  10. READ: Daoism (article) – Khan Academy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-3-cities-societies-and-empires-6000-bce-to-700-c-e/35-development-of-belief-systems-betaa/a/read-daoism-beta
  11. Dao: Where It All Begins – Introduction to the Dao – RSSB, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://rssb.org/dao3.html
  12. How To Interpret the Daodejing : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/1fmy66i/how_to_interpret_the_daodejing/
  13. 9.5 Daoism – Introduction to Philosophy | OpenStax, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://openstax.org/books/introduction-philosophy/pages/9-5-daoism
  14. Taoism | Definition, Origin, Philosophy, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism
  15. Can someone give a brief overview of Daoism, and what being a Daoist entails for you? : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/1h0qd8p/can_someone_give_a_brief_overview_of_daoism_and/
  16. Taoism – Yin-Yang, Five Elements, Immortals | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism/Symbolism-and-mythology
  17. 2. Taoism – Chinese Culture – Raider Digital Publishing, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://raider.pressbooks.pub/chineseculture/chapter/2-taoism/
  18. Daoism – OER Project, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit4/Daoism/940L
  19. Wu Wei: The philosophical foundation of Daoist ethics and action – Fabrizio Musacchio, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.fabriziomusacchio.com/weekend_stories/told/2025/2025-01-02-wu_wei/
  20. Daoism – OER Project, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit4/Daoism/590L
  21. Daoism – OER Project, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit4/Daoism
  22. Wu wei – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_wei
  23. Origins of Happiness: Wu Wei – My Best Self 101, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.mybestself101.org/blog/2020/3/24/origins-of-happiness-wu-wei
  24. Wu Wei – Doing Nothing 無爲 – The School of Life, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.theschooloflife.com/article/wu-wei-doing-nothing/
  25. Wu Wei: The Taoist Principle of Action in Non-Action – Learn Religions, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.learnreligions.com/wu-wei-the-action-of-non-action-3183209
  26. Wu-Wei: Acting without Desire – 1000-Word Philosophy: An Introductory Anthology, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://1000wordphilosophy.com/2019/06/03/wu-wei-acting-without-desire/
  27. Can someone explain the concept of “Wu Wei” in Dao philosophy? : r/askphilosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/1dw2v2t/can_someone_explain_the_concept_of_wu_wei_in_dao/
  28. Can someone explain the concept of Wu Wei to me? : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/xm0sdx/can_someone_explain_the_concept_of_wu_wei_to_me/
  29. The Wisdom of Wei Wu Wei: Letting Good Things Happen | Psychology Today, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/maybe-its-just-me/201107/the-wisdom-wei-wu-wei-letting-good-things-happen
  30. The True Man: Embodiment of Wu-Wei – Introduction to the Dao – RSSB, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://rssb.org/dao5.html
  31. Wu Wei: The Secret of Effortless Action, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://shaolin-yuntai.com/wu-wei/
  32. Wu wei | EBSCO Research Starters, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/wu-wei
  33. Daoist philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/daoist-philosophy/v-1/sections/fundamental-notions-dao
  34. Daoism – OER Project, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit4/Daoism/1050L
  35. Does the ineffability of the Dao contradict wuwei? – Philosophy Stack Exchange, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/60985/does-the-ineffability-of-the-dao-contradict-wuwei
  36. Ch 9 Daoism Flashcards – Quizlet, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://quizlet.com/586796365/ch-9-daoism-flash-cards/
  37. PHIL1304: Daoism Flashcards – Quizlet, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://quizlet.com/690485780/phil1304-daoism-flash-cards/
  38. The concept of gods in Taoism? – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/4dt11z/the_concept_of_gods_in_taoism/
  39. Neo-Daoism – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neo-daoism/
  40. Qualities of the Taoist – Original Christianity and Original Yoga, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://ocoy.org/dharma-for-christians/tao-teh-king-for-christians/qualities-taoist/
  41. Taoist Beliefs – Singapore Taoist Federation, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistfederation.org.sg/en/taoist-beliefs/
  42. What are your understandings of “dao” of Daoism? – Quora, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.quora.com/What-are-your-understandings-of-%E2%80%9Cdao%E2%80%9D-of-Daoism
  43. Origin and general characteristics of Daoism | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/summary/Taoism
  44. What’s The Meaning of ‘Dao’ ? : r/noveltranslations – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/noveltranslations/comments/mwyw2i/whats_the_meaning_of_dao/
  45. Daoist Masters and Their Qualities | – The Evergreen State College, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://sites.evergreen.edu/silkroads/daoist-masters-and-their-qualities/
  46. Silence, Water and the Dao – Resurgence, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article3675-silence-water-and-the-dao.html
  47. Tao = River (Can anyone explain this analogy?) : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/l0qu47/tao_river_can_anyone_explain_this_analogy/
  48. Daoism – World Religions: the Spirit Searching – Minnesota Libraries Publishing Project, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/worldreligionsthespiritsearching/chapter/daoism/
  49. Persuasion Through the Water Metaphor in Dao De Jing – DigitalCommons@URI, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=com_facpubs
  50. Possibly Unpopular Opinion: I think air is a better metaphor for the Dao than water (not that it really mattes, though) : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/hnigvg/possibly_unpopular_opinion_i_think_air_is_a/
  51. Explaining Water Images in the ‘Daodejing’ | Martyn Crucefix, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://martyncrucefix.com/2016/05/17/explaining-water-images-in-the-daodejing/
  52. The Analogy of the Wheel in Daoism and Ba Gua Zhang – Internal Arts International, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.internalartsinternational.com/free/the-analogy-of-the-wheel-in-daoism-and-ba-gua-zhang/
  53. Lesson: Daoism, Dao, and Metaphor – The Deviant Philosopher, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://thedeviantphilosopher.org/lesson-daoism-dao-and-metaphor/
  54. The Taoist Concept of Dao: A Study Based on Analogy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://xb.szu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract819.shtml
  55. Metaphorical Metaphysics in the Dao De Jing – MDPI, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/14/9/1188
  56. Survey of Taoist ethics? : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/5olvxn/survey_of_taoist_ethics/
  57. Laozi and Zhuangzi: “Everything is Dao” but “Man and Society are (often) without Dao and De (profound Virtue)” : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/q7u7pn/laozi_and_zhuangzi_everything_is_dao_but_man_and/
  58. De | Confucianism, Daoism & Legalism | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/de
  59. Dao and De | Encyclopedia.com, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dao-and-de
  60. Dao 道 and De 德 : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/17mirvv/dao_%E9%81%93_and_de_%E5%BE%B7/
  61. Laozi – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/
  62. Interrelationship of Daodejing and I Ching : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/5prhd9/interrelationship_of_daodejing_and_i_ching/
  63. Daoism – OER Project, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit4/Daoism/810L
  64. en.wikipedia.org, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_(Chinese)
  65. Does “De (德)” of Dao De Jing really mean “virtue” in English? : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/o7bpjg/does_de_%E5%BE%B7_of_dao_de_jing_really_mean_virtue_in/
  66. De – (Intro to Philosophy) – Vocab, Definition, Explanations | Fiveable, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/intro-philosophy/de
  67. The Meaning of De – Personal Tao, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://personaltao.com/taoism/de/
  68. What is Te/De in Taoism mean? – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/empqh8/what_is_tede_in_taoism_mean/
  69. De（Virtue） – Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.chinesethought.cn/EN/shuyu_show.aspx?shuyu_id=2128
  70. What’s a good translation for “De” in Dao De Jing? – Philosophy Stack Exchange, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/39431/whats-a-good-translation-for-de-in-dao-de-jing
  71. Daoism – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/daoism/
  72. Tao Te Ching – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching
  73. Tao-te Ching | Definition, Summary, & Facts – Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tao-te-Ching
  74. Taoism – Yin-Yang, Wuwei, Nature | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism/Concepts-of-human-being-and-society
  75. Taoism – Chinese Philosophy, Religion, Yin-Yang | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism/History
  76. Dao vs Chi : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/r1csog/dao_vs_chi/
  77. Dao Yin (a.k.a. Qigong): Origin, Development, Potential Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications – PMC – PubMed Central, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6854271/
  78. What are the similarities and differences between the Tao and Qi? – Quora, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-similarities-and-differences-between-the-Tao-and-Qi
  79. Is it Taoism or Daoism? Chi Kung or Qi Gong? Master Gu explains – Taoist Wellness Online, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistwellness.online/blog/taoism-or-daoism-qigong-or-chi-kung
  80. Daoism and the Origins of Qigong – Abode of the Eternal Tao, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://abodetao.com/daoism-and-the-origins-of-qigong/
  81. Jing, Qi, Shen – Die drei Schätze – Path of Dao, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://path-of-dao-qigong.ch/en/jing-qi-shen/
  82. Daoist Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/
  83. en.wikipedia.org, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi
  84. Qi – Taoism and the Arts of China (Art Institute of Chicago), 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://archive.artic.edu/taoism/glossary/qi.php
  85. A Journey to Inner Harmony – Tea, Qi, and Taoist Philosophy – Hence Tea, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://hencetea.com/a-journey-to-inner-harmony-tea-qi-and-taoist-philosophy/
  86. Qi | Definition & Facts | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/qi-Chinese-philosophy
  87. Qi Energy in Chinese Medicine – Yo San University, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://yosan.edu/what-is-qi/
  88. Qi (Chi): The Taoist Principle of Life Force – Learn Religions, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.learnreligions.com/what-is-qi-chi-3183052
  89. Help me understand Qi : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/aklps3/help_me_understand_qi/
  90. How to explain the concept of qi : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/7jcs2c/how_to_explain_the_concept_of_qi/
  91. Taoism vs Daoism: Unveiling the Essence of Daoist Philosophy – AI Ching, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://aiching.app/i-ching/2024/03/15/what-is-taoism-and-daoism-unveiling-the-essence-of-daoist-philosophy/
  92. Daoism – OER Project, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit4/Daoism/710L

发表评论

您的邮箱地址不会被公开。 必填项已用 * 标注

购物车
滚动至顶部