The Multifaceted Nature of Taoism: Religion, Philosophy, and Way of Life

Taoism, also known as Daoism, stands as a venerable tradition deeply rooted in the soil of ancient China, its influence stretching across millennia.¹ The inquiry into its fundamental nature often leads to the question of whether it is best understood as a religion, a philosophy, or a way of life, or perhaps a synthesis of all three.⁴ The very term “Taoism” serves as an umbrella encompassing a diverse array of philosophical and religious currents that have shaped not only spiritual beliefs but also various facets of Chinese culture, including art, medicine, and social customs.¹ Scholarly consensus suggests that Taoism resists simple categorization, its intricate tapestry woven with threads of intellectual thought, spiritual practice, and practical living.² The long-standing distinction between Taoism as a philosophy (daojia) and as a religion (daojiao) represents a key aspect of this complexity, although this division is not universally accepted within academic circles.² Understanding this nuanced distinction is crucial for a comprehensive exploration of the user’s query.

The very act of attempting to classify Taoism within the Western framework of “religion,” “philosophy,” or “way of life” reveals the challenges inherent in cross-cultural understanding. The terms we use carry connotations and historical baggage specific to Western thought, which may not perfectly align with the indigenous Chinese understanding of traditions like Taoism. Taoism’s profound influence on diverse cultural expressions, from the delicate brushstrokes of calligraphy to the intricate art of acupuncture ⁵, suggests that it permeates the daily existence of its adherents far beyond the confines of mere intellectual exercise or spiritual observance. This integration into the very fabric of life hints at the descriptor ‘way of life’ being particularly fitting, or at the very least, a significant dimension of its identity.

At its core, Taoism presents a rich and intricate philosophical system, characterized by several fundamental concepts that seek to elucidate the nature of reality and guide human conduct. The Tao (or Dao), often translated as ‘the Way,’ stands as the central and most profound concept.¹ It is described as an enigmatic and profound principle, serving as the wellspring, pattern, and underlying substance of the entire cosmos.¹ Laozi, in his seminal work, the Tao Te Ching, characterized the “constant Tao” as being without name and beyond the grasp of categorization, yet simultaneously the origin from which all existence emanates.¹¹ This ultimate principle is considered ineffable, transcending the limitations of human language and complete intellectual comprehension.¹¹ Instead, the Tao is often likened to the natural flow of the universe, an ever-changing and continuously unfolding process.¹⁰ This emphasis on the indescribable nature of the Tao suggests a philosophical orientation that values direct experience and intuitive understanding over the strictures of purely rational or linguistic analysis, a characteristic that distinguishes it from some Western philosophical traditions that prioritize logical argumentation.

Another cornerstone of Taoist philosophy is the principle of wu wei, often translated as “non-action” or “effortless action”.¹ This concept advocates for a manner of living that is natural and spontaneous, in harmonious alignment with the Tao.⁵ It implies acting in accordance with the inherent flow of life, without the need for forced effort or the imposition of will.¹² Wu wei is not about literal inaction but rather about “doing nothing” in the sense of refraining from striving and instead attuning oneself to the present moment.¹⁰ It signifies acting without the encumbrance of personal desires, allowing the Tao to manifest through one’s actions.¹⁵ This presents a unique ethical and political philosophy, contrasting with more interventionist approaches and suggesting a profound wisdom in yielding and allowing natural processes to unfold, with implications for personal conduct, governance, and even artistic creation.¹⁵

The concept of ziran, meaning “naturalness” or “spontaneity,” further underscores the Taoist emphasis on living in accordance with one’s own inherent nature and the broader natural world.¹ Ziran translates to “what-is-so-of-itself,” the unconditioned and self-existent.¹² It promotes a state of authenticity, free from the constraints of artificiality and societal expectations.¹¹ Complementing these principles is the concept of Yin and Yang, representing the complementary and interdependent phases that alternate in the cosmos.¹² These two energies embody the dynamic balance inherent within the Tao, evoking the harmonious interplay of all opposing forces in the universe.¹² Yin and Yang are not static entities but rather relative terms, signifying the fundamental duality that pervades existence.¹⁸ Achieving a state of equilibrium between these forces is considered essential for overall harmony and well-being.¹⁸

The intellectual foundations of philosophical Taoism are primarily found in two seminal texts: the Tao Te Ching and the Zhuangzi.¹⁹ The Tao Te Ching (or Daodejing), traditionally attributed to the sage Laozi, stands as a foundational work for both philosophical and religious Taoism.⁴ It delves into the nature of the Tao and its manifestation through virtue (de), naturalness (ziran), and non-action (wuwei).⁷ Interestingly, the text also serves as a guide for rulers, advocating for a sage-like leader who governs through the principles of inaction and simplicity.²⁴ The Zhuangzi (or Chuang-Tzu), attributed to the philosopher Zhuang Zhou, is another cornerstone of Taoist thought, often considered more expansive and comprehensive than the Tao Te Ching.⁴ Through the use of parables and allegories, the Zhuangzi explores the relativity of values and emphasizes the importance of disengaging from the artificial constructs of society in favor of cultivating one’s innate abilities and aligning with the natural way of things.⁴ The pairing of the concise and poetic Tao Te Ching with the elaborate and allegorical Zhuangzi indicates a rich and multifaceted philosophical tradition that explores its central themes through diverse literary styles and approaches, suggesting a profound depth in its intellectual exploration.

While Taoism’s philosophical dimensions offer profound insights into the nature of reality and the ideal way of living, the tradition also encompasses a rich tapestry of religious manifestations. Religious Taoism (Daojiao) emerged as a distinct, though interconnected, aspect of Taoism later than its philosophical counterpart (Daojia).² Its formal beginnings are often traced to the 2nd century CE with the revelation of the Tao to Zhang Daoling, who is considered the first Celestial Master.⁴ This development marked a shift towards a more organized religious framework, incorporating elements of folk religion, ancestor veneration, divination practices, and a belief in a diverse pantheon of deities and immortals.² It is important to note that while the distinction between philosophical and religious Taoism is an ancient one, its rigidity and interpretation are subjects of ongoing debate among scholars.² The emergence of a structured religious organization with deities and rituals indicates a development beyond a purely philosophical system towards a more comprehensive religious framework that addresses spiritual needs and fosters communal identity.

The religious landscape of Taoism is populated by a multitude of deities, reflecting the tradition’s syncretic nature and its long history of interaction with Chinese folk beliefs.² Many Taoist denominations recognize a variety of gods, often sharing figures with other religious traditions.² The pantheon can be broadly categorized into gods, such as the supreme Jade Emperor, and immortals (xian), who are beings believed to have attained immortality and possess supernatural powers.² At the apex of the Taoist celestial hierarchy stand the Three Pure Ones (Sanqing), considered the highest triad of deities within sectarian religious Taoism.³³ These three venerable figures are: Yüan-shih t’ien-tsun (the Heavenly Worthy of the Primordial Beginning), Ling-pao t’ien-tsun (the Heavenly Worthy of the Numinous Treasure, also known as the Grand Lord of the Tao), and Tao-te t’ien-tsun (the Heavenly Worthy of the Tao and Its Virtue, who is also identified with the deified Laozi).³³ Other significant deities within the Taoist pantheon include the Jade Emperor (Yu-huang), who is often seen as the ruler of Heaven, the Three Officials (San-kuan), who govern the three realms of the universe, and the Queen Mother of the West (Xiwangmu), a powerful goddess associated with immortality.³²

Guiding the spiritual lives of Taoists are a rich collection of scriptures, considered essential for the transmission and understanding of Taoist teachings.⁴⁰ The Daozang (Taoist Canon) represents the most comprehensive compilation of these writings, encompassing over 1,400 texts that delve into philosophy, meditation techniques, alchemy, rituals, health practices, and the pursuit of immortality.² Among these numerous texts, the Tao Te Ching holds a place of particular reverence, regarded as the primary scripture of Taoism, which posits that immortality can be attained through dedicated self-cultivation.²² Taoist scriptures serve multiple purposes, acting as a means of communication with the divine, aids in the remembrance of ancestors, instruments for the absolution of misfortune, and guides for the cultivation of the Tao.⁴² The Daozang‘s vastness and the diversity of topics it covers highlight the comprehensive nature of religious Taoism, extending beyond abstract philosophical principles into the practical and spiritual dimensions of life.

Religious Taoism has also developed a wide array of rituals, ceremonies, and communal practices that vary across different traditions and schools.⁴³ The Way of the Celestial Masters (Tianshidao), one of the earliest organized forms of religious Taoism, featured communal ceremonies and a hierarchical structure of priests who officiated at local oratories.¹² Communal feasts (chu) held at specific times throughout the year were significant ceremonial occasions, fostering a sense of community and communion with the Tao.³¹ In contemporary Taoism, community renewal rituals known as chiao are frequently performed.³³ Taoist priests play a vital role in conducting rituals, making offerings to deities, and performing ceremonies for the well-being of their communities.³¹ The veneration of Laozi as a deity within religious Taoism signifies a key divergence from a purely philosophical tradition, as the figure traditionally associated with the Tao Te Ching becomes an object of worship and a source of divine revelation, a characteristic feature of many religions.

Beyond its intellectual and spiritual dimensions, Taoism manifests as a practical guide for living, influencing the daily lives of its adherents in profound ways. Taoist principles are not merely abstract concepts but translate into concrete guidance for navigating the complexities of existence, emphasizing a life lived in harmony with the Tao and the natural world.¹ This involves embracing simplicity, spontaneity, and naturalness in all aspects of life, from one’s interactions with others to one’s relationship with the environment.² The notion of “going with the flow,” likened to the yielding yet powerful nature of water, is central to the Taoist approach to life.³ Furthermore, Taoism underscores the importance of self-cultivation (xiu shen) as a means of attaining a deeper understanding of the Tao and achieving a more harmonious existence.²

Taoist ethics provide a framework for moral conduct, emphasizing virtues such as effortless action, naturalness, simplicity, and, most notably, the Three Treasures: compassion (ci), frugality (jian), and humility (bugan wei tianxia xian).² These virtues serve as guiding principles for personal behavior and interactions with the world. Interestingly, Taoism also incorporated the Buddhist concepts of karma and reincarnation into its ethical framework, suggesting a broader understanding of moral consequences and spiritual progression.² The strong emphasis on embodied practices within Taoism further demonstrates that it is not just an intellectual pursuit but a lived tradition with practical methods for cultivating well-being and aligning with the Tao, strongly supporting its classification as a way of life.

Among the various embodied practices within Taoism, meditation and mindfulness play a significant role in cultivating inner peace and connecting with the Tao.² These practices aim to quiet the incessant chatter of the mind, foster inner stillness, and ultimately facilitate a deeper connection with the fundamental principle of the universe.⁵ A diverse range of meditation techniques exist within Taoism, including breathing exercises, visualization practices, and the contemplative state known as “sitting and forgetting”.⁵ The benefits attributed to these practices are numerous, ranging from the reduction of stress and improvement of sleep quality to increased energy levels and the promotion of emotional balance.⁵³

Qigong and Tai Chi stand as other prominent embodied practices within Taoism, serving as methods for cultivating Qi (vital life energy) and fostering harmony between mind and body.² Qigong encompasses a wide variety of exercises involving physical postures, controlled breathing, and focused intention, all aimed at enhancing the flow and balance of Qi throughout the body.⁶¹ Tai Chi Chuan, often referred to as simply Tai Chi, is a Taoist internal martial art characterized by slow, deliberate, and fluid movements that promote both physical robustness and mental tranquility, while also cultivating and circulating Qi.⁵⁵ Both Qigong and Tai Chi are deeply rooted in Taoist principles and are practiced for their numerous benefits, including improved health, increased longevity, and the cultivation of spiritual well-being.⁵⁴

The principles of Taoism also extend to the environment in which one lives, as evidenced by the practice of Feng Shui.² This ancient Chinese art of placement was developed by Taoists based on their understanding of the subtle interplay of energies (Chi) within the universe.⁶⁸ Feng Shui seeks to create harmonious environments by understanding and manipulating the flow of Chi, taking into account factors such as the balance of Yin and Yang and the interaction of the Five Elements (fire, earth, metal, water, and wood).⁶⁸ The goal of Feng Shui is to align living spaces with the natural flow of the universe, thereby nurturing and sustaining the energy and overall quality of life for those within them.⁶⁹

Furthermore, Taoism offers guidance on dietary practices aimed at promoting balance and overall well-being.²⁸ These practices often emphasize simplicity, frugality, and moderation in eating.⁷⁴ The Taoist diet typically involves the consumption of natural, minimally processed foods, with an emphasis on balancing the five fundamental flavors associated with the elements of nature.⁷⁴ Some Taoist traditions may also advocate for vegetarianism or the avoidance of grains.⁷⁴ The underlying principle of Taoist dietary practices is to nourish the body in a way that supports the harmonious flow of Qi, contributing to physical, mental, and spiritual health.⁷⁴ The integration of Taoist principles into areas like diet and environment suggests a holistic worldview where Taoist philosophy extends beyond personal conduct to encompass the individual’s relationship with their body and surroundings, further solidifying its identity as a comprehensive way of life. The emphasis on virtues like compassion, frugality, and humility provides an ethical framework that guides daily interactions and personal conduct, highlighting the practical application of Taoist principles in shaping one’s character and relationships.

To gain a deeper understanding of Taoism’s place among other traditions, it is helpful to compare and contrast it with other major Chinese systems of thought, namely Confucianism and Buddhism. While all three traditions have profoundly influenced Chinese culture, they offer distinct perspectives on human flourishing and the path to a meaningful life.⁷⁹ Taoism and Confucianism, both indigenous to China, present contrasting yet not entirely incompatible worldviews.³ Taoism primarily seeks harmony between the individual and the natural order, often viewing human society with a degree of skepticism as being artificial and restrictive.³ In contrast, Confucianism emphasizes the cultivation of moral excellence through conscientious behavior and adherence to social rituals within the framework of human society.³ Confucianism places a strong emphasis on social order and the importance of rites and music in regulating desires and emotions, while Taoism advocates for simplicity, living in harmony with nature, and the principle of non-action (wu wei).⁴⁶

Taoism also stands in distinction to Buddhism, which originated in India and later spread to China.² While both traditions share an emphasis on inner cultivation and the transcendence of suffering, their approaches and ultimate goals differ. Taoism focuses on achieving harmony with the natural world and often incorporates practices aimed at longevity and even immortality.⁴⁶ Buddhism, on the other hand, centers on the cessation of suffering through the elimination of desire and the attainment of enlightenment.⁴⁶ The cosmological frameworks also differ, with Taoism traditionally recognizing a pantheon of deities, while early Buddhism was largely non-theistic in its orientation.⁴⁶ Despite these differences, the “Three Teachings” (Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism) have historically coexisted and exerted mutual influence on each other within the Chinese cultural landscape.²⁸ The comparison with Confucianism and Buddhism reveals Taoism’s unique emphasis on individual harmony with nature as distinct from Confucianism’s focus on social harmony and Buddhism’s emphasis on personal liberation from suffering, helping to define Taoism’s specific character as a way of life.

When examining Taoism in relation to Western philosophical and religious thought, several potential parallels and divergences emerge. Some scholars have drawn connections between core Taoist concepts, such as the Tao, and Western philosophical ideas like the Logos in ancient Greek philosophy or the concept of the One in Neoplatonism.³ Comparisons have also been made between Taoist ethics, particularly the principle of wu wei, and certain aspects of Western philosophical thought.³ However, significant differences also exist, notably in the emphasis on a personal God in traditions like Christianity, as opposed to the impersonal and ineffable nature of the Tao.⁹¹ Furthermore, Taoism’s deep reverence for and focus on harmony with the natural world often contrasts with more anthropocentric perspectives that have historically been prevalent in Western thought.⁹⁰

The very classification of Taoism has been a subject of scholarly debate for centuries, with discussions dating back to the Han dynasty regarding whether it is primarily a philosophy or a religion.² Some scholars have argued for a clear and distinct separation between philosophical and religious Taoism, viewing them as separate, albeit related, traditions.² Others, however, contend that this distinction is largely a modern Western construct, and that the philosophical and religious aspects of Taoism are deeply intertwined and inseparable within the historical and cultural context of China.² The term “way of life” emerges as a potentially more encompassing descriptor, capturing the practical application of Taoist principles that extends beyond purely intellectual or spiritual pursuits into the realm of everyday living.⁴ The ongoing academic discussion about Taoism’s classification indicates that it doesn’t fit neatly into either the ‘religion’ or ‘philosophy’ box as defined in Western thought, suggesting a more holistic nature that might be better described as a way of life.

In conclusion, the evidence presented throughout this exploration strongly suggests that Taoism is best understood not through a singular classification but rather as a multifaceted tradition that simultaneously functions as a philosophy, a religion, and a way of life. Its philosophical underpinnings, centered on concepts like the Tao, wu wei, ziran, and Yin and Yang, provide a profound framework for understanding the universe and one’s place within it. The religious manifestations of Taoism, with its diverse pantheon of deities, rich array of rituals and scriptures, and the formation of organized communities, offer a spiritual path for its adherents. Furthermore, Taoism provides practical guidance for living a life in harmony with the Tao and the natural world, emphasizing virtues like compassion, frugality, and humility, and incorporating embodied practices such as meditation, Qigong, Tai Chi, Feng Shui, and specific dietary principles. These various aspects of Taoism are not isolated but rather deeply interconnected within the broader Taoist framework. The philosophy often informs the religious practices, and the way of life embodies both the intellectual and spiritual tenets of the tradition. While the user’s question seeks a singular classification, the most accurate answer is that Taoism is a dynamic and evolving tradition that embodies elements of all three categories, and perhaps transcends these Western classifications altogether. Its enduring significance lies in its holistic approach to understanding and living in the world, offering a unique contribution to human thought and spirituality that continues to resonate with contemporary concerns about harmony, mindfulness, and our relationship with the natural world.

引用的著作

1. Taoist philosophy – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_philosophy
2. Taoism – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism
3. Taoism – World History Encyclopedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.worldhistory.org/Taoism/
4. Taoism | Definition, Origin, Philosophy, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism
5. Taoism – (World Religions) – Vocab, Definition, Explanations | Fiveable, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://fiveable.me/key-terms/hs-world-religions/taoism
6. Is Taoism a religion or a philosophy? is Tai Chi compatible with Christianity?, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://medcraveonline.com/SIJ/is-taoism-a-religion-or-a-philosophy-is-tai-chi-compatible-with-christianity.html
7. Laozi – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/
8. Reflecting on the Distinction between Philosophical Daoism and …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/1/77
9. Religious Daoism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/daoism-religion/
10. Tao: Definition, Examples, & Practices – The Berkeley Well-Being Institute, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.berkeleywellbeing.com/tao.html
11. Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/
12. Taoism – Yin-Yang, Chinese Philosophy, Nature | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism/Basic-concepts-of-Taoism
13. Taoism | Religious Studies Center, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://rsc.byu.edu/light-truth/taoism
14. Wu wei – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_wei
15. Wu-Wei: Acting without Desire – 1000-Word Philosophy: An …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://1000wordphilosophy.com/2019/06/03/wu-wei-acting-without-desire/
16. Chinese Philosophy, Yin-Yang, Taoism – Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism/Early-eclectic-contributions
17. Yin and yang – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang
18. History Of The Yin Yang Design Symbol – Nazmiyal Antique Rugs, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://nazmiyalantiquerugs.com/area-rug-guide/motifs-symbols/yin-yang-design-symbol-rugs/
19. Taoism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Summer 2013 Edition), 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/archIves/sum2013/entries/taoism/
20. TAOISM Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Taoism
21. Taoism – History Timelines, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://historytimelines.co/timeline/taoism
22. Tao Te Ching – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching
23. Sacred Texts of Taoism – Religion Facts, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://religionfacts.com/taoism/texts
24. Chinese Philosophy, Yin-Yang, Taoism | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism/General-characteristics
25. Zhuangzi – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zhuangzi/
26. Zhuangzi | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://iep.utm.edu/zhuangzi-chuang-tzu-chinese-philosopher/
27. www.bbc.co.uk, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/taoism/history/history.shtml#:~:text=Taoism%20as%20a%20religion%20began,organized%20Taoist%20school%20of%20thought.
28. 2. Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese folk religions – Pew Research Center, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/08/30/confucianism-taoism-and-chinese-folk-religions/
29. The Origins of Taoism – BBC, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/taoism/history/history.shtml
30. History of Taoism – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taoism
31. Taoism – Chinese Religion, Philosophy, Yin-Yang | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taoism/Development-of-the-Taoist-religion-from-the-2nd-to-the-6th-century
32. Asian Gods and Goddesses Unit 7 – Taoism: Divine Pantheon & Immortals – Fiveable, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://library.fiveable.me/asian-gods-and-goddesses/unit-7
33. San-ch’ing | Chinese Religion, Taoism & Immortals | Britannica, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.britannica.com/topic/San-ching
34. Chinese gods and immortals – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals
35. Taoist and Buddhist Pantheon : r/BlackMythWukong – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackMythWukong/comments/p8pa5p/taoist_and_buddhist_pantheon/
36. archive.artic.edu, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://archive.artic.edu/taoism/church/introf.php#:~:text=The%20Taoist%20Pantheon&text=Many%20of%20the%20most%20fundamental,Laozi)%20and%20the%20Three%20Officials.
37. The Taoist Deities, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Philosophy/Taichi/gods.html
38. The Daoist Pantheon and Deities in Popular Religion (www.chinaknowledge.de), 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Religion/daodeities.html
39. Taoist Gods – Singapore Taoist Federation, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistfederation.org.sg/en/taoist-gods/
40. Essential Taoist Scriptures-Tao Follows its own Nature — Exhibition of Taoist Texts, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://theme.npm.edu.tw/TaoFollows/en/page-2
41. What is the Taoist Bible? – The Taoism For The Modern World, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.the-taoism-for-modern-world.com/taoist-bible/
42. Taoist Beliefs – Singapore Taoist Federation, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistfederation.org.sg/en/taoist-beliefs/
43. Religious Taoism – Chebucto Community Net, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Philosophy/Taichi/religious-tao.html
44. How can Taoism be practiced in everyday life? What is the first step …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.quora.com/How-can-Taoism-be-practiced-in-everyday-life-What-is-the-first-step-to-take
45. Visualising the Historical Development and Belief System of Taoism, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://globalweb1.com/index.php/ojs/article/download/61/15/97
46. Taoism | Intro to Humanities Class Notes – Fiveable, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://library.fiveable.me/introduction-humanities/unit-3/taoism/study-guide/uKu7cVs2gBcQnPHR
47. Taoism 101: Change Your Life With Taoist Philosophy Made Simple, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.unbrokenself.com/taoism-101-ancient-wisdom-to-transform-your-life/
48. The Practice of Tao — Tao Institute, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://taoinstitute.org/articles/2023/4/29/the-practice-of-tao
49. Waking Up to Wisdom: 8 Daily Habits for a Disciplined Life The …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.newtraderu.com/2024/02/15/waking-up-to-wisdom-8-daily-habits-for-a-disciplined-life-the-taoist-way/
50. Introduction to Taoist meditation – Tao.org, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://tao.org/tao/mind/introduction-to-taoist-meditation/
51. Taoist Meditation, an inner journey towards your own Self – GaneshaSpeaks, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.ganeshaspeaks.com/learn-astrology/taoist-meditations/
52. 7 Taoist Meditation Techniques Bruce Lee Used – The Daily Meditation, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.thedailymeditation.com/taoist-meditation
53. The Fundamental Techniques of Taoist Meditation – Meditation …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://meditationfocused.com/taoist-meditation/
54. Taoism: Cultivating Body, Mind and Spirit – Taoist Tai Chi Society, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoisttaichi.org/taoism-cultivating-body-mind-spirit/
55. More History – Taoist Tai Chi Society, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoisttaichi.org/more-history/
56. Taoism and Tai Chi Chuan, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://patiencetaichi.com/taoism-and-tai-chi-chuan/
57. Taoism and Tai Chi: Embracing the Taoist Martial Art of Serenity, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://aiching.app/i-ching/2024/03/15/taoism-and-tai-chi-chuan-embracing-the-taoist-martial-art-of-serenity/
58. Taoist tai chi – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_tai_chi
59. Tai Chi: In-depth introduction to history, philosophy & benefits – Taoist Wellness Online, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistwellness.online/blog/tai-chi-in-depth-introduction-to-history-philosophy-benefits
60. Taoism and Chi – People | HowStuffWorks, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://people.howstuffworks.com/taoism-and-chi.htm
61. History of Qi Gong — Taoist Sanctuary of San Diego, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistsanctuary.org/history-of-qigong
62. What is Qi Gong? In-depth Guide to Qi, Philosophy & Powerful Practice, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistwellness.online/blog/what-is-qi-gong-in-depth-guide
63. Taoist Meditation and Qigong – Amy Pattee Colvin, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.amypatteecolvin.com/taoist-meditation-and-qigong/
64. Dao Yin (a.k.a. Qigong): Origin, Development, Potential Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications – PMC – PubMed Central, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6854271/
65. Daoism and the Origins of Qigong – Abode of the Eternal Tao, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://abodetao.com/daoism-and-the-origins-of-qigong/
66. Do Taoists do both qigong and tai chi or just one? : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/eho1jg/do_taoists_do_both_qigong_and_tai_chi_or_just_one/
67. library.fiveable.me, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://library.fiveable.me/hs-world-religions/unit-6/taoism-philosophy-religious-practices/study-guide/phAJ8n68mG2GcyVf#:~:text=Taoism%2C%20a%20philosophy%20and%20religion,of%20chi%20(life%20energy).
68. Taoist Feng Shui: The Ancient Roots of the Chinese Art of …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.amazon.com/Taoist-Feng-Shui-Ancient-Placement/dp/0892817232
69. Taoist Feng Shui – Inner Traditions, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.innertraditions.com/books/taoist-feng-shui
70. Taoism and Feng Shui – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/9pe1x8/taoism_and_feng_shui/
71. A Feng Shui Perspective on Luck, Fate, and Destiny – Marlyna Consulting, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://marlynaconsulting.com/a-feng-shui-perspective-on-luck-fate-and-destiny/
72. Taoist Influence in Feng Shui – Luminous-Spaces, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.luminous-spaces.com/taoist-influence-in-feng-shui/
73. Taoist Feng Shui – Susan Levitt, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://susanlevitt.com/books/taoist-feng-shui/
74. Taoist diet – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_diet
75. Secrets of Living In Harmony With Nature By Following The Taoist …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.news9.com/story/5e6fc88ef86011d4820c38d4/secrets-of-living-in-harmony-with-nature-by-following-the-taoist-diet
76. Taoist Diet Food: Taoist Principles For Proper Diet & Nutrition, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.taoistwellness.online/blog/taoist-diet-food
77. Health, Diet, and Nutrition – Daoist Gate, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://daoistgate.com/nutrition/
78. Taoism and Diet Restrictions? : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/2rag5z/taoism_and_diet_restrictions/
79. Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Chinese Popular Religion | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-126?print
80. Comparison bt buddhism confucianism & taoism | PPT – SlideShare, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/comparison-bt-buddhism-confucianism-amp-taoism/250836688
81. What are the similiarities between Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism? – Quora, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-similiarities-between-Buddhism-Confucianism-and-Taoism
82. Buddhism, Confucianism And Taoism In Chinese Culture – Free Essay Example – Edubirdie, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://hub.edubirdie.com/examples/buddhism-confucianism-and-taoism-in-chinese-culture/
83. Compare and Contrast Essay on Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.customessaymeister.com/essay/buddhism-taoism-confucianism-comparison-essay
84. Three teachings – Wikipedia, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings
85. ELI5: What is the relation, differences and similarities amongst Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism? : r/explainlikeimfive – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m8tq0/eli5_what_is_the_relation_differences_and/
86. I keep reading that Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism are the same thing – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/1e8n6t/i_keep_reading_that_buddhism_taoism_and/
87. Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Chinese Popular Religion …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-126?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-126&p=emailAEBqqkOwo42io
88. differences between taosim as a philosophy and as a religion : r/taoism – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/taoism/comments/vxmhtg/differences_between_taosim_as_a_philosophy_and_as/
89. Does western philosophy have anything similar to eastern philosophy’s “Tao”? : r/askphilosophy – Reddit, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/1hwh0q9/does_western_philosophy_have_anything_similar_to/
90. Comparative Philosophy: Chinese and Western (Stanford …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comparphil-chiwes/
91. philosophy of religion – How similar are Taoism and Christianity …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/17897/how-similar-are-taoism-and-christianity
92. philarchive.org, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://philarchive.org/archive/XUCDA
93. Comparing and Contrasting Taoism with Christianity – Saint Mary’s …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://www.smp.org/resourcecenter/resource/10374/
94. The Conversation: What Taoism teaches about the body and being healthy, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://religion.utk.edu/the-conversation-what-taoism-teaches-about-the-body-and-being-healthy/
95. Differences Between Western and Chinese Philosophy and …, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://social-epistemology.com/2024/09/26/differences-between-western-and-chinese-philosophy-and-civilization-from-a-chinese-perspective-luo-dong/
96. A Comparison of the Eastern and Western Religious Philosophies – Darcy & Roy Press, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://drpress.org/ojs/index.php/ijeh/article/view/25435
97. Life Philosophy: A Study on Western Ontology and Taoism of Form and Spirit Dualism, 访问时间为 五月 14, 2025， https://eaapublishing.org/journals/index.php/ijsws/article/view/1815